Virtually everyone lives and works in a team, but there is a tension between what is good for the group and what is good for the individual. Within a group, competitive individuals do better\u00a0–\u00a0but cooperative groups as a whole do better.<\/p>\n
Organisations tend to reward individual performance such as sales or production but this can be counterproductive because it tends to produce very competitive groups. An alternative is to reward group performance but this carries the risk of free riders, shirkers or loafers, who ride on the coattails of others.<\/p>\n
But in recent research<\/a> published in the Journal of Business Research, we found group rewards can produce more cooperative, better performing groups and also better performing individuals than individual-based reward systems.<\/p>\n We also established that poor performers may not be free riders or shirkers but may be essential to the effective functioning of the group. We call them self-sacrificers and believe their role is underappreciated and misunderstood.<\/p>\n Our research was inspired by theories of group versus individual selection in biology and especially experiments to breed better egg-laying hens.<\/p>\n The norm in the industry has been to do this by breeding from the best egg-layers, which increased egg production but also produced cages of aggressive \u201cmean bad birds\u201d with short life spans, raising serious animal welfare concerns.<\/p>\n William Muir<\/a> tried another approach by breeding from all the hens in the best laying cages, not just the best layers. This quickly produced \u201ckind friendly chickens\u201d who got on well, had normal life spans and better quality eggs.<\/p>\n We applied these ideas to work groups by building computer models that allowed us to consider all types of group situations. We modelled group interactions as games like the iterated prisoners\u2019 dilemma (IPD)<\/a>.<\/p>\n The prisoner\u2019s dilemma is based on the situation of two prisoners who can cooperate by not dobbing on each other. If neither dobs they get the same sentence, if only one dobs they get a lighter sentence and the \u201csucker\u201d gets a worse sentence.<\/p>\n If both dob they do better than a \u201csucker\u201d but not as well as if both keep quiet. In a one-time game it is best to dob to avoid the suckers payoff (Nash equilibrium<\/a>) but if the game is played a number of times (iterated) the best strategy is not so obvious. Robert Axelrod showed<\/a>, in a series of computer tournaments using the iterated prisoner\u2019s dilemma, a simple cooperative strategy won.<\/p>\n The strategy was tit-for-tat, involving cooperating and then doing whatever the other did the last time. It was cooperative, provokable, forgiving and easy to spot.<\/p>\n Based on his methods we examined the effects of individual and group rewards for more than 14,000 games, including the iterated prisoner\u2019s dilemma, so as to mimic different types of group situations.<\/p>\n Each period or generation group members played each other a number of times and we identified the best performing individuals and groups. For the next period we repopulated the groups with copies of the best performing individuals (individual rewards) or all the individuals in the best groups (group rewards).<\/p>\n Using a technique called genetic algorithms we also created some new hybrid individuals from the best performing individuals or group members. We did this over many periods to simulate the evolution of groups and performance and repeated the experiments many times.<\/p>\n We found that for most types of games group rewards do best. These produce cooperative, high performing groups but also, counterintuitively, the best performing individuals. It depends on the alignment of rewards.<\/p>\n If \u201cwhat\u2019s good for GM is good for America\u201d then individual rewards work best. But most groups don\u2019t work like that, people depend on each other and can help or hinder.<\/p>\n Group rewards generate the top-performing individuals because of a supportive group ecology, a mix of strategies that supports and sustains them.<\/p>\n Individual rewards produce non cooperative groups of individuals bent on exploiting each other \u2013 like the mean bad birds or \u201cjerks at work\u201d. No strategy, like tit-for-tat dominates, and different mixes of strategies can emerge to support high performing groups.<\/p>\n Not only did the best individuals emerge under group rewards but also the worst performers. They are not shirkers but self-sacrificers, whose value isn\u2019t captured by individual performance measures. They play an important role in boosting the performance of others.<\/p>\n You have probably run across such people in your own work groups, the nice guy who helps everyone else but whose own work may suffer. If they get sacked the group falls apart. These people don\u2019t seem to have attracted much research attention in real groups, but they should.<\/p>\n By\u00a0Ian F. Wilkinson,\u00a0Professor of Marketing, University of Sydney;\u00a0Dan Ladley,\u00a0Senior Lecturer in Finance, University of Leicester;\u00a0Louise Carley Young,\u00a0Professor of Marketing, Western Sydney University.<\/em><\/p>\n This article was first published by The Conversation<\/a>.<\/p>\n How will English change in the next 100 years?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Why don\u2019t we feel more guilty about eating animals?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n Why South Africa should seriously bail on its nuclear plans<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\nMore from The Conversation<\/h3>\n