After handling the body of a man who died from blunt force trauma in an apparent vehicle crash, forensic anthropologist Trisha-Jean Mahon turned to the next gurney in the neon-lit room of the mortuary in Johannesburg, South Africa. Like many corpses there, this one had no identity.<\/p>\n
\u201cOh, he has tattoos,\u201d she said, peering closely at the crudely sketched letters on the young man\u2019s left leg. \u201cFantastic!\u201d<\/p>\n
Tattoos, DNA and scars are vital clues that Mahon, 28, and her mainly female team of forensic scientists collect in a bid to identify the thousands of people who are buried anonymously in South Africa each year. Most of them are believed to be migrants who\u2019ve come to Africa\u2019s most industrialised nation in search of work, in particular to Johannesburg, its economic hub.<\/p>\n
The huge number of unidentified bodies passing through South Africa\u2019s mortuaries is a burden on the state and presents a moral dilemma to forensic scientists. Once people are buried in grasslands outside the city, after three months at most, their chances of ever being identified are close to zero.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe can\u2019t really look at old cases. We don\u2019t have an electronic database\u2014we work with paper,\u201d said forensic pathologist Candice Hansmeyer, who was key to creating the International Committee of the Red Cross-backed pilot project to improve the collection and storage of post-mortem data.<\/p>\n
Once it\u2019s on track, the Red Cross hopes to roll it out in other African countries.<\/p>\n
Data from 11 mortuaries in Gauteng, the most populous of South Africa\u2019s nine provinces, underscores the size of the problem: an average of 5 percent of cases remained unidentified last year, or about 901 people. That compares with 31 unidentified bodies in England and Wales, which together have roughly the same population as South Africa.<\/p>\n
Despite a national average of 56 murders and 40 deaths in road accidents daily, each forensic pathologist can do just four autopsies a day and only has to determine causes of death. Regular strikes and the sheer volume of arrivals mean they usually face backlogs and fridges that are full to capacity.<\/p>\n
South African citizens are identified by their fingerprints, and people with criminal records are found in the police database. While forensic scientists work closely with the police, both services lack human resources, said Jeanine Vellema, the head of the forensic medicine and pathology department at the University of the Witwatersrand who\u2019s in charge of eight of Gauteng\u2019s 11 mortuaries.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019re not a well-funded organisation so we can only do identification to a certain point,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
Much of that has to do with the fact that forensic pathology was moved from the police to the Department of Health in 2006 and has to compete for funding with other health services.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019re always going to come last because our patients are dead,\u201d Vellema said.<\/p>\n
Numbers typically peak in the Johannesburg mortuary, a two-story brick building near Hillbrow, a neighbourhood notorious for its poverty and violent crime. It\u2019s one of two provincial facilities with a full-body x-ray scanner, which means that forensic staff often have to bring bodies from other mortuaries and line up at the back entrance to wait for a turn.<\/p>\n
It\u2019s a grim place with traces of blood on wet cement floors, garbage bins overflowing with used protective gear and a striking odor that fills the air.<\/p>\n
But Mahon brims with purpose as she leads identification sessions with three colleagues and two students who assist with the project.<\/p>\n
Twice a week, she examines bodies that haven\u2019t been identified within seven days of arriving at the facility. Photos are taken of jewelery, clothing, scars, tattoos and piercings. DNA is obtained from a toenail, hair and blood. Teeth are studied, and fresh fingerprints are made.<\/p>\n
All that information is fed into a standardised form based on Interpol guidelines, and put into an electronic database. Since July 2017, the unit has managed to identify 39 out of 108 anonymous bodies randomly picked out of the fridge\u2014a score that Mahon considers \u201cgreat\u2014we were expecting zeros.\u201d Of those identified, 16 were South African nationals.<\/p>\n
The relatives of one of the dead were then found by the Red Cross in neighbouring Zimbabwe, where the organisation has interviewed families in communities that traditionally send a lot of migrant workers to South Africa.<\/p>\n
\u201cA lot of irregular migrants are anonymous in the last stages of their life, and this continues into death,\u201d said Stephen Fonseca, the Red Cross forensic coordinator for Africa. \u201cNo one knows where they are buried, and no one comes to visit them. This is a small project, but it\u2019s a reflection that humanitarian organisations and state authorities could do something more.\u201d<\/p>\n