DCD Wind Towers should have been a South African success story.<\/p>\n
When DCD opened its doors in the Eastern Cape in 2013, it was the first factory set up to take advantage of the country\u2019s abundant wind-power resources. Government policy was fueling a clean-energy bonanza, and DCD brought valuable jobs to an impoverished province.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe took unemployed people, some of whom were in their 30s who\u2019d never had a job,\u201d Alta-Mari Grebe, who was the company\u2019s general manager, said by phone. \u201cWe really had a good thing going.\u201d<\/p>\n
A sudden change of heart by the government in Pretoria brought the country\u2019s promising wind and solar energy program to a crashing halt. In June this year, DCD\u2019s state-of-the-art equipment was auctioned off.<\/p>\n
DCD\u2019s unrealized potential is a footnote\u00a0in\u00a0South Africa\u2019s story of the last decade, one of chronic under-performance that is\u00a0pushing the continent\u2019s dominant powerhouse to the edge of economic and political disaster.<\/p>\n
With debt surging and the coronavirus pandemic threatening the deepest economic contraction in almost 90 years, business leaders are warning that President Cyril Ramaphosa\u2019s government can no longer procrastinate.<\/p>\n
With the situation deteriorating rapidly, they say, South Africa faces a choice between loosening the grip of vested interests to embrace radical \u2014\u00a0and likely painful \u2014\u00a0reform, or risking a sovereign debt crisis and more permanent scars.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe are looking at a wasteland,\u201d said Martin Kingston, chairman of Rothschild & Co.\u2019s South African unit and deputy president of Business Unity South Africa, the country\u2019s main business organization.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe ramifications of not taking the necessary action in the near future are catastrophic.\u201d<\/p>\n
The fact that government officials broadly agree with the prognosis underlines the seriousness of South Africa\u2019s plight.<\/p>\n
Yet addressing the challenge is far from straightforward, and will require a wholesale change in the African National Congress government\u2019s approach to marshaling the $350 billion economy.<\/p>\n
Investors in South Africa are wearily familiar with policy inconsistency.<\/p>\n
The frustration of the renewables sector was a result of former President Jacob Zuma\u2019s decision to start pursuing an ultimately unsuccessful nuclear power deal with Russia from about 2014, leaving purchase agreements with renewables companies unsigned.<\/p>\n
That ultimately brought a halt to what was one of the world\u2019s most successful clean-energy programs.<\/p>\n
Telecommunications companies have waited over a decade for the sale of spectrum needed to expand their services and potential offshore oil resources lie untapped because the requisite laws haven\u2019t been passed.<\/p>\n
Labour unions have used their political power to block everything from education reform to the closure of heavily polluting coal-fired power plants.<\/p>\n
South Africa may now be running out of road. Without urgent action, national debt could exceed 140% of gross domestic product by the end of the decade, according to an emergency budget presented in June.<\/p>\n
That\u2019s almost on a par with Lebanon, and compares with only about 26% in 2008, when the last global economic crisis began.<\/p>\n
Covid-19 is accelerating the downturn. By the time coronavirus restrictions were imposed in the country in March, South Africa was already in recession and unemployment, at 30.1%, was at a 17-year high.<\/p>\n
One of the world\u2019s strictest lockdowns has probably left millions more jobless and slashed economic output, while the number of confirmed cases has surged to over half a million regardless.<\/p>\n
The economy probably contracted more than 30% on an annualized basis in the second quarter, according to central bank forecasts, and portfolio outflows in the first three months of 2020 were at the highest level on record.<\/p>\n
Consumer confidence is at the lowest since 1985, when the United Nations Security Council urged further economic sanctions against South Africa over its apartheid policies and the Whites-only government declared a partial state of emergency.<\/p>\n
All of this is bad news for Ramaphosa, who came to power promising to revive the economy. Surging debt and a stagnant economy would hurt him, opening the door to populists in the ANC whose interventions could further weaken investor confidence.<\/p>\n
After more than two decades in power, pressure is growing on the party of Nelson Mandela. In municipal elections in 2016, it lost control for the first time of the country\u2019s biggest city, Johannesburg, and the capital, Pretoria, to opposition coalitions.<\/p>\n
While the political opposition nationally remains splintered and ineffective, the ANC won last year\u2019s elections with its lowest ever share of the vote.<\/p>\n
The government is moving to act. Finance Minister Tito Mboweni\u2019s emergency budget stressed the need to keep debt in check and last month South Africa took out a $4.3 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund, its first ever from the organization at a sovereign level. The president launched a drive in June to attract private investment in infrastructure over the next decade.<\/p>\n
For the first time, government officials, unionists and business leaders are in lockstep on the need for change to tackle ills from unemployment to a housing shortage. They are less united on the path forward, however.<\/p>\n
South Africa is not a nation that\u2019s short of plans. Its problem lies in finding the political will to overcome powerful vested interests and implement them, according to Thabi Leoka, an independent economist in Johannesburg.<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019re not making the tough decisions that we ought to have made,\u201d she said. \u201cInstead we\u2019ve seen two plans that were released, one from the ANC and the other from business, which means that we are still at the creating plans instead of implementation stage.\u201d<\/p>\n
And for all the government rhetoric, the early signs are not promising.<\/p>\n
Allegations of corruption around efforts to procure personal protective equipment to fight the virus stretch to the president\u2019s office, with his spokeswoman implicated.<\/p>\n
The first projects in Ramaphosa\u2019s infrastructure drive took over a month to be announced when they had been promised within days. And even though the country is regularly subjected to power outages, the energy minister has dragged his feet over opening a new clean energy investment round.<\/p>\n
\u201cA\u00a0crisis is what is needed to break the current political impasse to make way for meaningful reform, however, it is becoming increasingly clear that the crisis that is Covid-19 is a lost opportunity,\u201d said Boingotlo Gasealahwe, Africa economist at Bloomberg Economics. \u201cI shudder to think how much worse things must get before any action is taken.\u201d<\/p>\n
One possible way ahead lies in leveraging pension funds that are flush with cash, giving South Africa the financial wherewithal to solve some of its problems.<\/p>\n
Together with private pensions and bank assets, South Africa has 12 trillion rand available for investment, according to Business for South Africa, an alliance of the country\u2019s main business organizations.<\/p>\n
Yet for now it\u2019s hard to argue that much has changed. State-owned companies that were saddled with debt during Zuma\u2019s scandal-ridden nine-year reign remain dysfunctional, little new legislation has been passed and there have been no significant convictions for graft despite widespread evidence of pervasive corruption.<\/p>\n
True, Mboweni has pledged to cut government spending by 230 billion rand over the next two years, partly by freezing most civil servant wages \u2014\u00a0after earlier agreeing to raise them despite years of above-inflation pay rises.<\/p>\n
But he may struggle to get his way in the face of entrenched labor opposition.<\/p>\n
That sets up a battle ahead over South Africa\u2019s economic and political future.<\/p>\n
\u201cStructural economic reforms are going to be contested and they are going to be contested very, very hard,\u201d said Lumkile Mondi, an economics lecturer at the University of The Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. \u201cIt is going to be a very hard sell.\u201d<\/p>\n