{"id":72772,"date":"2014-11-09T15:00:10","date_gmt":"2014-11-09T13:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/?p=72772"},"modified":"2014-11-09T09:08:53","modified_gmt":"2014-11-09T07:08:53","slug":"what-commercial-aircraft-will-look-like-in-2050","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/trending\/72772\/what-commercial-aircraft-will-look-like-in-2050\/","title":{"rendered":"What commercial aircraft will look like in 2050"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The aircraft industry is expecting a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/morphing-is-one-way-to-make-aircraft-more-efficient-23683\">seven-fold<\/a> increase in air traffic by 2050, and a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/morphing-is-one-way-to-make-aircraft-more-efficient-23683\">four-fold<\/a> increase in greenhouse gas emissions unless fundamental changes are made. But just how \u201cfundamental\u201d will those changes need to be and what will be their effect on the aircraft we use?<\/p>\n<p>The crucial next step towards ensuring the aircraft industry becomes greener is the full electrification of commercial aircraft. That\u2019s zero CO<sub>2<\/sub> and NO<sub>x<\/sub> emissions, with energy sourced from power stations that are themselves sustainably fuelled.<\/p>\n<p>The main technological barrier that must be overcome is the energy density of batteries, a measure of how much power can be generated from a battery of a certain weight.<\/p>\n<p>Tesla CEO Elon Musk <a href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/yx3auTD85Fw\">has said<\/a> that once batteries are capable of producing 400 Watt-hours per kilogram, with a ratio of power cell to overall mass of between 0.7-0.8, an electrical transcontinental aircraft becomes \u201ccompelling\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yx3auTD85Fw\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Another aspect is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/media\/workshops\/2014\/solarelectricity\/bnef2lcoeofpv.pdf\">exponential fall<\/a> in the cost of solar panels, which have already become the cheapest form of power in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2014-10-29\/while-you-were-getting-worked-up-over-oil-prices-this-just-happened-to-solar.html\">most US states<\/a>. The expected <a href=\"https:\/\/neo.ubs.com\/#article\/research\/ues45625\">70% reduction<\/a> in cost of lithium-ion batteries by 2025, and the <a href=\"http:\/\/airwaysnews.com\/blog\/2013\/03\/08\/the-bombardier-cseries-rolls-out-but-is-it-a-game-changer\/\">rapid rise<\/a> seen in the cost of kerosene-based jet fuel means that there will be a large and growing disparity in the costs of running aircraft that will greatly favour electrification.<\/p>\n<p>As is often the case, the reasons that will slow transition are not technological, but are rooted in the economic and political inertia against overturning the status-quo.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_72780\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/VoltAir-all-electric-aircraft-concept-EADS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72780\" class=\"wp-image-72780\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/VoltAir-all-electric-aircraft-concept-EADS.jpg\" alt=\"VoltAir, all-electric aircraft concept (EADS)\" width=\"600\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/VoltAir-all-electric-aircraft-concept-EADS.jpg 1609w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/VoltAir-all-electric-aircraft-concept-EADS-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/VoltAir-all-electric-aircraft-concept-EADS-1024x553.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72780\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">VoltAir, all-electric aircraft concept (EADS)<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"my-4\">Biofuels while we wait<\/h2>\n<p>Considering the average service-life of passenger and freight aircraft are around <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boeing.com\/assets\/pdf\/commercial\/aircraft_economic_life_whitepaper.pdf\">21 and 33 years<\/a> respectively, even if all new aircraft manufactured from tomorrow were fully electric, the transition away from fossil-fuelled aircraft would take two to three decades.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, biofuel offers carbon emissions reductions of between <a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/es1019178\">36-85%<\/a>, with the variability depending on the type of land used to grow the fuel crops. As switching from one fuel to another is relatively straightforward, this is a low-hanging fruit worth pursuing before completely phasing out combustion engines.<\/p>\n<p>Even though a biofuel-kerosene jet fuel blend was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.astm.org\/SNEWS\/SO_2011\/enright_so11.html\">certified in 2009<\/a>, the aircraft industry is in no hurry to implement change. There are <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.ca.uky.edu\/agc\/pubs\/aen\/aen90\/aen90.pdf\">minor technological hurdles<\/a> and issues around scaling up biofuel production to industrial levels, but the main constraint is price \u2013 parity with fossil fuels is still <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0969699714000258\">ten years away<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The adoption of any new aircraft technology \u2013 from research, to design sketches, to testing and full integration \u2013 is typically a decade-long process. Given that the combustion engine will be phased out by mid-century, it would seem to make more economic and environmental sense to innovate in other areas: airframe design, materials research, electric propulsion design and air traffic control.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"my-4\">Bringing aircraft to life<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and perhaps weigh 1.5 tons. \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=w9gDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA162&amp;lpg=PA162&amp;dq=Brains+that+click%E2%80%9D.+Popular+Mechanics\">Popular Mechanics, 1949<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_72782\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Technology-evolution-of-digital-storage-2005-2014.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72782\" class=\"wp-image-72782\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Technology-evolution-of-digital-storage-2005-2014.jpg\" alt=\"Technology evolution of digital storage (2005-2014)\" width=\"600\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Technology-evolution-of-digital-storage-2005-2014.jpg 1759w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Technology-evolution-of-digital-storage-2005-2014-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Technology-evolution-of-digital-storage-2005-2014-1024x462.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72782\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology evolution of digital storage (2005-2014)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>As we can see, we are living in a world of exponential change in technology. We need to step out of our linear day-to-day thinking to fully conceive and make use of what we have to shape the future.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of the cost of computational power, computer technology is advancing more each hour today than it did in its entire first 90 years. With this in mind we can project that the equivalent of a US$1,000 computer today will by 2023 be more powerful than the <a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,2048299,00.html\">potential brainpower of a human<\/a> and, by 2045, will surpass the brainpower equivalent to <a href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,2048299,00.html\">all human brains combined<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The miniaturisation of digital electronics over the past half-century has followed a similar exponential trend, with the size of transistor gates reducing from approximately <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nnano\/journal\/v5\/n7\/full\/nnano.2010.89.html\">1,000 nanometres in 1970<\/a> to <a href=\"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6655835\">23 nanometres today<\/a>. With the advent of transistors made of graphene showing great promise, this is expected to fall further <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nnano\/journal\/v5\/n7\/full\/nnano.2010.89.html\">to about 7 nanometres by 2025<\/a>. By comparison, a human red blood cell is approximately <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books\/about\/Clinical_Hematology.html?id=cHAjsUgegpQC&amp;redir_esc=y\">6,200-8,200 nanometres wide<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Putting together this increase in computational power and decrease in circuit size, and adding in the progress made with 3D-printing, at some point in the next decade we will be able to produce integrated computers powerful enough to control an aircraft at the equivalent of the cellular level in near real-time \u2013 wireless interlinking of nano-scale digital devices.<\/p>\n<p>Using a biologically-inspired digital \u201cnervous system\u201d with receptors arranged over the aircraft sensing forces, temperatures, and airflow states could drastically improve the energy efficiency of aircraft, when coupled to software and hardware mechanisms to control or even change the shape of the aircraft in response.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"my-4\">Chopping the tail<\/h2>\n<p>Once electric aircraft are established, the next step will be to integrate a gimballed propulsion system, one that can provide thrust in any direction. This will remove the need for the elevators, rudders, and tailplane control surfaces that current designs require, but which add significant mass and drag.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_72784\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Skeleton-of-trailing-edge-of-wing-morphing-wind-tunnel-demonstrator-concept-Ash-Dove-Jay-University-of-Bristol.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72784\" class=\"wp-image-72784\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Skeleton-of-trailing-edge-of-wing-morphing-wind-tunnel-demonstrator-concept-Ash-Dove-Jay-University-of-Bristol.jpg\" alt=\"Skeleton of trailing edge of wing morphing wind-tunnel demonstrator concept (Ash Dove-Jay, University of Bristol)\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Skeleton-of-trailing-edge-of-wing-morphing-wind-tunnel-demonstrator-concept-Ash-Dove-Jay-University-of-Bristol.jpg 1575w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Skeleton-of-trailing-edge-of-wing-morphing-wind-tunnel-demonstrator-concept-Ash-Dove-Jay-University-of-Bristol-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Skeleton-of-trailing-edge-of-wing-morphing-wind-tunnel-demonstrator-concept-Ash-Dove-Jay-University-of-Bristol-1024x577.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72784\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Skeleton of trailing edge of wing morphing wind-tunnel demonstrator concept (Ash Dove-Jay, University of Bristol)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The wings we are already designing are near their peak in terms of aerodynamic efficiency, but they still <a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2004SPIE.5390..202W\">do no justice<\/a> to what nature has achieved in birds. Aircraft design templates are a century old \u2013 constrained by the limitations of the day then, but technology has since moved on. We no longer need to build wings as rigid structures with discrete control surfaces, but can turn to the natural world for inspiration. As Richard Feynman <a href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/AU8PId_6xec\">said<\/a>:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_72786\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Bio-inspired-aircraft-concept-sporting-adaptive-and-morphing-skins-and-structures-NASA-Dryden-Flight-Research-Center.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72786\" class=\"wp-image-72786\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Bio-inspired-aircraft-concept-sporting-adaptive-and-morphing-skins-and-structures-NASA-Dryden-Flight-Research-Center.jpg\" alt=\"Bio-inspired aircraft concept, sporting adaptive and morphing skins and structures (NASA Dryden Flight Research Center)\" width=\"600\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Bio-inspired-aircraft-concept-sporting-adaptive-and-morphing-skins-and-structures-NASA-Dryden-Flight-Research-Center.jpg 1771w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Bio-inspired-aircraft-concept-sporting-adaptive-and-morphing-skins-and-structures-NASA-Dryden-Flight-Research-Center-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Bio-inspired-aircraft-concept-sporting-adaptive-and-morphing-skins-and-structures-NASA-Dryden-Flight-Research-Center-1024x456.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72786\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bio-inspired aircraft concept, sporting adaptive and morphing skins and structures (NASA Dryden Flight Research Center)<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"my-4\">Industry\u2019s outlook of the future<\/h2>\n<p>The aircraft industry has not been idle, of course. Here are some of their designs on the drawing board:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_72788\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/E-Thrust-Project-EADS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72788\" class=\"wp-image-72788\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/E-Thrust-Project-EADS.jpg\" alt=\"E-Thrust Project (EADS)\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/E-Thrust-Project-EADS.jpg 1577w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/E-Thrust-Project-EADS-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/E-Thrust-Project-EADS-1024x575.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72788\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E-Thrust Project (EADS)<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_72790\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Blended-Wing-Body-Boeing-NASA-.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72790\" class=\"wp-image-72790\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Blended-Wing-Body-Boeing-NASA-.jpg\" alt=\"Blended Wing Body (Boeing &amp; NASA )\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Blended-Wing-Body-Boeing-NASA-.jpg 1577w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Blended-Wing-Body-Boeing-NASA--300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Blended-Wing-Body-Boeing-NASA--1024x575.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72790\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blended Wing Body (Boeing &amp; NASA )<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_72792\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Airbus-2050-concept-plane-Airbus.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72792\" class=\"wp-image-72792\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Airbus-2050-concept-plane-Airbus.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus 2050 concept plane (Airbus)\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Airbus-2050-concept-plane-Airbus.jpg 1632w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Airbus-2050-concept-plane-Airbus-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Airbus-2050-concept-plane-Airbus-1024x537.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72792\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Airbus 2050 concept plane (Airbus)<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_72794\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Electric-aircraft-NASA.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72794\" class=\"wp-image-72794\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Electric-aircraft-NASA.jpg\" alt=\"Electric aircraft. NASA \" width=\"600\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Electric-aircraft-NASA.jpg 1708w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Electric-aircraft-NASA-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Electric-aircraft-NASA-1024x491.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric aircraft (NASA)<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_72796\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a  data-lightbox=\"post-image\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Prandtl-Plane-air-freighter.-University-of-Pisa.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-72796\" class=\"wp-image-72796\" src=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Prandtl-Plane-air-freighter.-University-of-Pisa.png\" alt=\"Prandtl Plane air freighter. University of Pisa\" width=\"600\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Prandtl-Plane-air-freighter.-University-of-Pisa.png 1689w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Prandtl-Plane-air-freighter.-University-of-Pisa-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Prandtl-Plane-air-freighter.-University-of-Pisa-1024x501.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-72796\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prandtl Plane air freighter. University of Pisa<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>By <strong>Ashley Dove-Jay<\/strong>, <span class=\"role\">PhD researcher in Aerospace Engineering at University of Bristol<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This article was originally published on <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Read the <a title=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-commercial-aircraft-will-look-like-in-2050-33850\" href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-commercial-aircraft-will-look-like-in-2050-33850\" target=\"_blank\">original article<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"my-4\">More on air travel<\/h3>\n<p><strong><a title=\"Permalink to The most \u201csleep-friendly\u201d airports in Africa\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/international\/71362\/the-most-sleep-friendly-airports-in-africa\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">The most \u201csleep-friendly\u201d airports in Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a title=\"Permalink to The world\u2019s fanciest first-class flights\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/general\/69523\/the-worlds-fanciest-first-class-flights\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">The world\u2019s fanciest first-class flights<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a title=\"Permalink to In-flight Wi-Fi takes off\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/internet\/55665\/in-flight-wi-fi-takes-off\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">In-flight Wi-Fi takes off<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a title=\"Permalink to Rules against in-flight calls \u201coutdated\u201d: regulators\" href=\"http:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/international\/49897\/rules-against-in-flight-calls-outdated-regulators\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Rules against in-flight calls \u201coutdated\u201d: regulators<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The aircraft industry is expecting a seven-fold increase in air traffic by 2050, and a four-fold increase in greenhouse gas emissions unless fundamental changes are made. But just how \u201cfundamental\u201d will those changes need to be and what will be their effect on the aircraft we use? The crucial next step towards ensuring the aircraft<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":72802,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[9106,26,8221,9104],"class_list":["post-72772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trending","tag-flights","tag-headline","tag-plane","tag-the-conversation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72772"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":72804,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72772\/revisions\/72804"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72802"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=72772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesstech.co.za\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=72772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}